I made use of a beneficial linear-mixed feeling modeling method with maximum possibilities to decide decades-centered shifts and spatial type on the eating plan of younger Black-confronted Spoonbills using the Lme4 and you may lmerTest packages . Everyone was included as haphazard intercepts so you can make up variation among someone due to the fact two portions of each feather had been obtained regarding for each and every personal. For the repaired effects, we included new chick-rearing period given that a great categorical variable (early: ten days old versus. late: twenty two days dated) and you may reproduction nest. New correspondence title between your hottie-rearing period together with reproduction nest was included just like the a predetermined effect as degree of dietary move out-of girls you will are different one of several reproduction 
communities.
We fitted good linear-blended feeling model for every steady isotope with similar fixed and you will arbitrary consequences
Sufferer availability when you look at the rice paddies up to Suhaam decreased regarding Will get in order to Summer considering the migration off seafood and you can invertebrates for the mid-seasons drainage regarding rice paddies . Mid-12 months drainage is normal in the rice cultivation inside the Korea; therefore, we believed that the regular development from victim accessibility was equivalent ranging from colonies. Ergo, i integrated hatching time because the good covariate so you can make up temporal differences in foraging habitats that may influence the new foraging behavior from spoonbills, such victim supply.
To attenuate the possibility of method of step one mistake, we first looked at the overall requirement for the full model by researching an entire model having a good null design in just an enthusiastic intercept and you will a random effect using a likelihood ratio attempt [74, 75]. We also checked out the necessity of the latest interaction name of your full model from the comparing the full model with a lowered model not having a connections name to-be checked-out playing with an odds proportion sample. When connections didn’t have a significant impact, i omitted these to accommodate translation of one’s head outcomes . I determined at least-squares mode which have 95% rely on menstruation each level of new categorical parameters, chick-rearing months, and reproduction colony, and you can conducted blog post-hoc pairwise contrasting playing with Tukey’s try to your emmeans bundle . We checked to own heteroscedasticity and you can normality regarding the residuals of model through visual examination of the residual plots and you will don’t get a hold of associated activities. Good p-worthy of 2 ) compared to most other territories together with zero freshwater wetlands for the normal foraging variety due to the remoteness regarding the nearby shore (Fig 1B). The room from intertidal mudflats in the reproduction colonies, with the exception of Gujido, is a couple to half dozen minutes larger than the fresh freshwater wetlands (Fig 1B).
I also included the new communications anywhere between hatching go out and you will breeding colony in order to make up spatial adaptation out of phenology one of breeding territories and you will communication ranging from hatching go out and you will hottie-rearing several months to look at whether or not there was a regular development for the the diet program shift off chicks when you look at the chick-rearing months
The fresh new indicate ? 13 C values of the very early and later chick-rearing months was indeed – ± 0.52‰ (mean and practical deviation, n = 34) and – ± 0.50‰ (letter = 34), correspondingly (Fig dos). The imply ? 15 N really worth was ± 0.34‰ (n = 31) towards the very early hottie-rearing months and you can ± 0.26‰ (n = 34) with the later hottie-rearing several months.
The new ? thirteen C and you can ? fifteen N philosophy of your own tip (very early chick-rearing period; white) and middle (late hottie-rearing several months; black) portions of your own number 1 feathers from Black colored-experienced Spoonbill chicks at the four breeding colonies: Gujido (square), Suhaam (circle), Namdongji (triangle), and you can Chilsando (diamond). Three someone in the early hottie-rearing months in the Chilsando without ? fifteen Letter values commonly shown. Isotopic philosophy of your four potential target communities, remedied utilising the fractionation factor (71), was displayed just like the gray diamonds: FF: freshwater seafood, FI: freshwater invertebrate, MF: marine fish, MS: marine shrimp, and you can MC: aquatic crustacean.